Hitler chancellor of Germany
Adolf Hitler poses with members of his first cabinet in the Chancellery...
Adolf Hitler poses with members of his first cabinet in the Chancellery...
Approximately 37,000 Jews leave Germany...
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Dachau concentration camp established for German political prisoners...
Ratification of Enabling Decree gives Hitler dictatorial powers...
“Stop Hitler Now” rally held in Madison Square Garden, New York, attended by twenty thousand...
One-day boycott of Jewish businesses...
Robert Weltsch publishes “Wear the Yellow Badge with Pride,” urging German Jews to take pride in...
German law passed banning Jews from Civil Service positions. Letter notifying Dr. Susanne Engelmann...
Central Committee of German Jews for Help and Reconstruction established to coordinate economic and social assistance...
Shechitah (ritual slaughter) prohibited in Germany...
Burning of books authored by Jews and others considered anti-Nazi...
Jewish Cultural Association (Kulturbund) created to maintain Jewish cultural and artistic activities in Germany...
All political parties other than the Nazi party declared illegal...
Vatican signs Concordat agreement with German government...
Haavara Agreement signed by German government and Zionist leaders...
Central Organization of German Jews (Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden) founded...
Jews banned from participating in German journalism, theater, music, and art...
Germany withdraws from League of Nations...
Petition from German Orthodox Jewish Community to Hitler protesting anti-Jewish laws...
Germany and Poland sign ten-year non-aggression pact...
Center for Adult Jewish Education established, to combat anti-Jewish propaganda and raise Jewish morale...
The German-American Bund sponsors pro-Nazi rally in Madison Square Garden; thousands attend...
SS massacre of SA leadership and other political rivals...
Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss assassinated...
General von Hindenburg, President of Germany, dies. Hitler proclaims himself Führer...
As a result of plebiscite conducted under auspices of the League of Nations, Saar region...
Germany reinstates conscription in violation of Treaty of Versailles...
Jews may no longer display the German flag...
Polish leader Jozef Pilsudski dies, ending era of relative tolerance for Jews in Poland...
Military Service Law bans Jews from German army...
Nuremberg Laws enacted, stripping Jews of legal status...
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Supplementary Decree to Nuremberg Laws defines “Who is a Jew.” Jewish children prohibited from using public playgrounds...
German army occupies Rhineland in violation of Treaty of Versailles...
Outbreak of Civil War in Spain; lasts three years...
German–Jewish athletes not allowed to participate...
Criminal Court judges must swear oath of allegiance to Hitler, not to the Constitution or the State...
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Germany and Japan sign Anti-Comintern pact opposing Communism...
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Hitler declares Treaty of Versailles invalid...
Italy withdraws from League of Nations...
Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld creates British Chief Rabbi’s Religious Emergency Council to aid in...
Austria enacts anti-Jewish legislation
German annexation of Austria
Jewish communities in Germany lose their officially recognized status...
All Jewish assets over five thousand Reichsmark must be registered with German government...
Jews arrested en masse in Vienna and Berlin, deported to concentration camps...
Main synagogue in Munich burned...
All Jewish businesses not yet registered forced to do so...
International meeting attended by thirty-two nations regarding refugee crisis...
In response to Evian Conference, Völkischer Beobachter, a Nazi newspaper, proclaims, “Nobody wants them.”...
Mauthausen, Austria’s first concentration camp, established...
German government requires Jews to add second name: Israel for men and Sara...
Central Office for Jewish Emigration established in Vienna under direction of Adolf...
Jewish lawyers barred from practicing law in Germany...
Great Britain and France agree to German annexation of the Sudetenland...
In Germany, all Jewish passports stamped with “J,” as requested by Swiss government...
Polish government enacts legislation depriving most Polish nationals living abroad...
Twelve thousand Jews with Polish citizenship deported from Germany...
Hershel Grynszpan shoots Ernst von Rath, Third Secretary in German Embassy in Paris...
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Pogroms throughout Reich. Nearly one hundred Jews killed, twenty-thirty thousand...
Fine of one billion Reichsmark levied on German Jews for Kristallnacht damages...
Jewish pupils expelled from German schools...
American radio personality Father Charles Coughlin, justifies Nazi treatment of Jews...
Kindertransports begin; nearly ten thousand children are brought to safety in England...
Compulsory Aryanization of all Jewish businesses in Germany...
Jewish Agency of Palestine creates Mossad Le-aliyah Bet, meant to organize ships of “illegal” immigrants to Palestine...
In a speech on his sixth anniversary as Chancellor, Hitler promises the vernichtung (annihilation)...
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Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli appointed as Pope Pius XII...
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Germany annexes port city of Memel, Lithuania...
Ocean liner SS St. Louis sails from Hamburg with 937 passengers; arrives in Cuba on June 2. Denied...
Ravensbruck camp for women established...
Britain issues White Paper, limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine...
Germany and Italy sign military treaty known as Pact of Steel...
Germany and Soviet Union sign non-aggression treaty, known as Nazi-Soviet Pact...
Germany invades Poland; outbreak of World War II...
England and France declare war on Germany...
Soviet army occupies eastern Poland and Baltic States...
Reinhard Heydrich orders establishment of ghettos in Poland...
RSHA, established: German umbrella organization that includes SS and Gestapo...
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President Roosevelt announces United States neutrality...
First Polish ghetto established in Piotrkow-Trybunalski...
Soviets and Lithuanians sign agreement to transfer Vilna to independent Lithuania...
1st deportation of Jews to Nisko, in Lublin district of Poland. Compulsory labor ordered for all Jews in General Government...
General Government established in central Polish territories; Hans Frank appointed Governor General...
Jews in Palestine volunteer to join British army...
Mass escape of some 250,000 Jews from German occupied Poland to Soviet held territories in eastern Poland...
Lodz incorporated into Reich and renamed Litzmannstadt on April 11, 1940...
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All Polish Jews in General Government ordered to wear star of David...
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Establishment of Vaad Hatzalah (rescue committee) of American Orthodox rabbis, to rescue rabbinical scholars and yeshiva students...
Beginning of deportation of Jews from Wartheland, including Lodz, to General Government...
Unprecedented 78,000 Jews flee Germany in 1939...
Polish Jews forbidden to travel on trains...
Orders given for establishment of Lodz ghetto...
Germany invades Denmark and Norway...
Hans Frank, governor of General Government, decrees Cracow must be “judenrein”—free of Jews—by November...
Germany invades Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium...
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Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk...
Italy declares war on France and England...
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USSR annexes Bessarabia and northern Bukovina from Romania...
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Beginning of deportation of Alsace-Lorraine Jewry to camps in southern France...
Germans propose idea of transforming island of Madagascar into Jewish “superghetto” ...
Hungary annexes northern Transylvania from Romania...
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Germany, Italy, and Japan sign Tripartite Pact ...
Vichy government passes Jewish Statute (Statut des Juifs), stripping Jews of their rights...
Formation of ghetto in Warsaw announced on Yom Kippur...
Antisemitic legislation instituted in Belgium...
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Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia join Axis...
Patria, with 250 illegal Jewish immigrants aboard, refused entry by British...
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Lodz Ghetto Chronicle, daily ghetto report, initiated; published continuously until July 30, 1944...
Law for the Defense of the Nation, patterned after Germany’s Nuremberg Laws, signed into law in Bulgaria...
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British capture Benghazi, North Africa...
Hundreds of Amsterdam Jews deported to Buchenwald and Mauthausen...
General strike of Dutch citizens to protest deportation of Jews from Holland...
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Forty thousand out of sixty thousand Jews have been deported from Cracow...
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Rashid Ali Al Gaylani leads anti-British coup in Iraq ...
Rommel’s Axis forces capture Benghazi...
Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece...
German troops occupy Belgrade, Yugoslavia...
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Bulgaria occupies Thrace and East Macedonia...
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Rudolf Hess, Hitler’s deputy, flies to England on independent “peace mission”...
An anti-Jewish pogrom, breaks out in Baghdad; kills hundreds...
British and Free French forces invade Syria and Lebanon...
Thousands of Jews in Soviet occupied Bessarabia and Bukovina deported to Siberia...
Germany invades Soviet Union. Einsatzgruppen begin genocide of eastern European Jewry...
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Massacre of thousands of Jews in Iasi, (Jassy), Romania...
Germans capture Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia)...
Anti-Jewish riots in Lvov (Lemberg), eastern Poland; Ukranians initiate “Petlura” pogrom with German support...
Mutual Assistance Pact signed...
Syria and Lebanon to the Allies...
Majdanek concentration camp constructed...
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Göring orders Heydrich to implement “Final Solution” to “the Jewish problem” in Europe...
Twenty thousand Jews murdered in Vilna ghetto...
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on warship off the coast of Newfoundland...
French Jews deported to Drancy camp, outside of Paris...
23,600 Jews murdered in Kamenetz-Podolsk including some 18,000 stateless Jews expelled from Hungary...
Germany restricts Belgian Jewish residents to four cities, setting a pattern in the West where Jews were segregated...
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Deportation of Romanian Jews to Transnistria begin from Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Moldavia...
Einsatzgruppen kill 12,000 Jews in Berdichev and 24,000 Jews in Uman
All German Jews from age six must wear yellow star. Ten thousand Jews murdered in Zhitomir...
33,771 Kiev Jews murdered in Babi Yar; largest mass killing to date...
German forces reach outskirts of Moscow...
Jews deported from Germany and Austria to Lodz, Minsk, Kovno, and Riga for ghettoization and mass shootings...
Odessa captured by Germans and Romanians...
Approximately 22,000 Jews murdered in Odessa...
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An estimated 25,000 Jews murdered in two massive shootings in Rumbula Forest near Riga, Latvia...
Soviets launch counterattack on Germans...
Theresienstadt ghetto established in Czechoslovakia. First deportations of Moravian and Bohemian Jews to Theresienstadt ghetto...
Hitler meets with Grand Mufti Haj Amin al Husseini in Berlin...
Commander of Einsatzgruppe C reports 85 percent of Lithuania’s Jews are dead...
United States declares war on Japan...
Approximately seven hundred Jews gassed in specially designed gas vans at Chelmno...
United States, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Japan...
Germany and Italy declare war on United States ...
Murder of Jews begins in Bogdanovka, a Transnistrian camp ...
Nearly all Jewish men in Serbia have been shot...
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Wannsee Conference held outside Berlin; “Final Solution” put in motion...
Nazis appoint Vidkun Quisling to govern Norway...
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Auschwitz begins operating as death camp...
A group of 769 illegal immigrants aboard the Struma drown after British refuse...
Five thousand Jews murdered in Minsk...
American General Douglas MacArthur leaves Philippines to the Japanese declaring, “I shall return.”...
Murder of Jews begins in Belzec, one of the three death camps established as part of Operation Reinhard...
Deportation of fifty thousand Slovakian Jews to ghettos and camps in Poland ...
Seven to eight thousand Jewish women and children killed in gas van in Serbia...
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BBC announces murder of seven hundred thousand Jews...
13,776 Jews deported from Vienna to Theresienstadt...
Dwight David Eisenhower appointed Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces in Europe...
Palestine in serious danger...
More than twenty thousand join mass protest against Germans in Madison Square Garden, New York...
French police round up thousands of Paris Jews for deportation to Auschwitz...
Himmler orders the completion of Operaton Reinhard, which destroyed 1.7 million Jews in the General Government...
More than 253,000 Jews sent from Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka...
Adam Czerniakow, chairman of Warsaw Jewish Council, commits suicide to avoid direct involvement in deporting the Warsaw Jews...
First deportations of Belgian Jews to Auschwitz...
Thirty thousand Radom Jews deported toTreblinka...
Riegner Telegram from Switzerland confirms existence of Nazi “Final Solution”...
Fifty thousand Jews deported from Lvov to Belzec...
Four-day conference between Stalin and Churchill in Moscow to discuss the war...
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Twenty-two thousand Jews deported from Piotrkow to Treblinka...
First deportation from Theresienstadt arrives at Auschwitz...
Battle of El Alamein; British defeat Germans...
U.S. forces led by General Dwight Eisenhower arrive in North Africa...
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Arrest and deportation of 532 Norwegian Jews to Auschwitz...
Twenty-nine nations observe Day of Mourning and Prayer for European Jewry...
Allies announce war criminals will be punished...
Churchill and Roosevelt meet in Morocco...
First armed resistance in Warsaw ghetto...
Tripoli, Lebanon, liberated by British...
German Sixth Army surrenders at Stalingrad ...
Thousands of Bialystok Jews deported to Treblinka...
Germany fines Jews of Djerba, Tunisia, ten million franks...
Bergson Group places full-page New York Times advertisement regarding...
Crematorium II completed at Auschwitz-Birkenau...
Ghettoization of Salonika’s Jews; deportation begins...
German government demands deportation of Bulgarian Jewish citizens, but Bulgaria unexpectedly refuses. Jews are saved...
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Nazis discover graves of thousands of Polish officers who were murdered by Soviets in Katyn Forest...
British and American officials meet in Bermuda to discuss Jewish refugee problem...
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Axis forces in Tunisia surrender to Allies...
Tlomacka synagogue in Warsaw ghetto destroyed; Stroop reports end of uprising...
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Himmler orders liquidation of ghettos in Poland and occupied Soviet territories...
Armed Jewish resistance breaks out in Lvov and Czestochowa, German-occupied Poland...
Jan Karski, young Polish Catholic underground courier, arrives in United States to meet with...
Battle of Kursk, Ukraine, begins; considered greatest tank battle of World War II...
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Bialystock Jews deported; armed Jewish resistance...
Ten thousand Jews in Tarnow ghetto deported to Auschwitz; armed Jewish resistance...
Allied troops land on Italian mainland; Italy signs ceasefire agreement; Germany conquers northern Italy...
German forces occupy former Italian zone of France. Thousands of Jews trapped...
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Vilna ghetto destroyed; remaining Jews incarcerated in regional labor camps...
Rescue of more than seven thousand Danish Jews by their countrymen...
Four hundred Orthodox Rabbis march from Capitol to White House in Washington...
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One thousand Italian Jews deported from Rome to Auschwitz...
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Erntefest—Operation Harvest Festival: Estimated 42,000 Jews killed in Lublin labor camps of...
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Teheran Conference: Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt meet...
President Roosevelt establishes War Refugee Board...
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Two Slovakian Jews, Alfred Wetzler and Rudolph Vrba, escape from Auschwitz...
Nazis begin ghettoization of Hungarian Jewry...
Nazis begin deportation of Hungarian Jewry...
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Allies land in Normandy, France...
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Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg arrives in Budapest to rescue Hungarian Jews...
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Failed assassination attempt on Hitler’s life...
Germans deport 1,700 Jews from Rhodes (Greece), to Auschwitz International Red Cross...
Soviet forces liberate Majdanek concentration camp...
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Romania transfers its allegiance to the Allies...
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Last transport of Dutch Jews from Westerbork camp deported to Auschwitz...
U.S. planes bomb Buna factories near Auschwitz; rail lines and gas chambers are not bombed...
Revolt in Auschwitz; crematoria destroyed...
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Tens of thousands of Budapest Jews sent to hard labor in Austria...
Himmler orders destruction of Auschwitz-Birkenau gas chambers...
Battle of the Bulge; failed German counterattack in Ardennes, Belgium...
Abba Kovner and other former partisans establish Bricha (Escape), secret organization...
Allies fire-bomb Dresden, destroy most of the city; 35,000–100,000 dead...
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Auschwitz prisoners evacuated in death marches...
Death marches from Stutthof and Blechhammer camps begin...
Soviets liberate Auschwitz; seven thousand mostly non-Jewish prisoners freed...
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet...
Train with 1,210 Jews released from Theresienstadt arrive in Switzerland...
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Roosevelt dies; Truman assumes United States presidency. Red army enters Vienna, Austria...
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Hitler commits suicide in Berlin bunker. Soviets hoist Red Flag over...
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VE (Victory in Europe) Day...
Churchill, Truman, and Stalin redraw German borders and establish reparations...
U.S. drops first atom bomb on Hiroshima, Japan...
U.S. drops second atom bomb on Nagasaki, Japan...
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